{"id":2147,"date":"2021-07-19T11:24:06","date_gmt":"2021-07-19T04:24:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/htttdn.com\/?post_type=ht_kb&p=2147"},"modified":"2021-07-26T10:11:56","modified_gmt":"2021-07-26T03:11:56","slug":"a-z-ve-phan-mem-ke-toan-p-1-lich-su-phat-trien-hien-tai-va-tuong-lai","status":"publish","type":"ht_kb","link":"https:\/\/htttdn.com\/index.php\/tin-tuc\/a-z-ve-phan-mem-ke-toan-p-1-lich-su-phat-trien-hien-tai-va-tuong-lai\/","title":{"rendered":"A-Z v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n (P.1): L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n<\/strong> hay b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 “nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n”, “kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o” l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, k\u1ebf to\u00e1n l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, theo c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 kho\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i thu, kho\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3, s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i, t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1eed… ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n<\/span> d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 CRM, POS… gi\u00fap n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u00f3 l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n<\/strong>” \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ERP<\/strong> (ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/span><\/a>) m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi, quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i, c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfn theo t\u1eebng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. C\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n nay, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, mang l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf to\u00e1n. V\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u2018nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n\u2019 \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u01a1 khai, \u0111i qua nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay (m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y)<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i A-Z v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n<\/strong>, FAST s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y), cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n, c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n mang l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho m\u00ecnh trong ph\u1ea7n 2:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n<\/a><\/span> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n 3:<\/strong> L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho DN)<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0o!<\/p>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n<\/strong><\/h2>\n

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 60 n\u0103m, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1955 khi chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n Univac I<\/a> <\/span>\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea7n 30 t\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua b\u1edfi doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 General Electric s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch k\u1ebf to\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

\"\"H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh Univac 1<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng\u2026 ng\u1eebng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng n\u0103m 1955.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Khi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 theo d\u00f5i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, giao d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf to\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ghi giao d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Mesopotamia (Iraq ng\u00e0y nay) l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 7000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 ra s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft (b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c ghi k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u l\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng hay da c\u1eebu v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201cm\u00e3\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c con s\u1ed1. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sumerian v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 4000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc CN, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eeb ra c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o, n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebf to\u00e1n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh<\/a><\/span> (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1095 – 1291), k\u00e9o theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ghi nh\u1eadn giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi k\u00ec Trung c\u1ed5<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt k\u1ebf to\u00e1n cao c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

\u00dd l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc khai sinh ra k\u1ebf to\u00e1n s\u1ed5 k\u00e9p, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Genoe v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 14. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 15, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u201cThe Summa<\/a><\/span>\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u1edf Venice do Lucia Pacilio, cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 1 trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Gutenberg ph\u00e1t minh ra \u2018m\u00e1y\u2019 in (\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u00e9p nho v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng \u1ee7 r\u01b0\u1ee3u).<\/p>\n

\"\"Lucia Pacilio, cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ty c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady k\u1ebf to\u00e1n c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho k\u1ecbp xu th\u1ebf, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia. K\u1ebf to\u00e1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1, ngh\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n vi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1770, th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Anh, ch\u1ee7 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m Josiah Wedgwood<\/a><\/span> \u0111i ti\u00ean phong v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n chi ph\u00ed c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn ng\u00e0y nay (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ho\u00e0n ti\u1ec1n, mua 1 t\u1eb7ng 1, v\u00e0 g\u1eedi th\u01b0 ch\u00e0o h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i chi ph\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u00ec suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, t\u1ed1i \u01b0u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb, h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p chi ph\u00ed c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi k\u00ec hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u1ede Anh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, ngh\u1ec1 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. C\u00e1c k\u1ebf to\u00e1n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u k\u0129 n\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt kinh doanh v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u2018computers\u2019 ra \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tinh vi, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c computers – m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

M\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1955, khi m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n Univac 1<\/a> <\/span>\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 General Electric \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch k\u1ebf to\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Univac 1, h\u00e3ng Remington Rand<\/a><\/span> (gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Unisys) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i g\u00e3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 IBM \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

M\u00e1y Univac 1, n\u1eb7ng 30 t\u1ea5n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng 1949, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i cho m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1952. M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y Univac kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn U.S Census Bureau n\u0103m 1953 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1950.<\/p>\n

General Electric mua Univac cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1edf Kentucky. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m k\u0129 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y n\u00e0y cho nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn 40 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfp theo gi\u1ea3m con s\u1ed1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 10 ti\u1ebfng. N\u0103m 1955, Univac x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh. Chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean b\u0103ng t\u1eeb, gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng, m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng byte th\u00f4ng tin. L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng chi tr\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Theo th\u1eddi gian, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n t\u0103ng l\u00ean, cho ph\u00e9p \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 m\u00e3 ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khung l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1959 cho IBM, t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 9PAC<\/a><\/span>. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u01a1 khai, tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a 9PAC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebf to\u00e1n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng doanh nghi\u1ec7p. M\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng linh ho\u1ea1t tu\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1eebng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1973 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ra m\u1eaft SAP RF<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a SAP ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng module c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kinh doanh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc trung gian. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00fap ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 80, IBM tung ra PC (m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n), \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nhanh ch\u00f3ng, t\u1eeb b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1eed l\u00e0m tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y sang b\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh tr\u00ean Lotus 123<\/a><\/span>, mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed5 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n k\u00e9p.<\/p>\n

Peachtree Software (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Sage 50<\/a><\/span>) \u0111\u01b0a ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y sang b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn khi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ebf to\u00e1n, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n, tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4. N\u0103m 1981, Peachtree cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh, ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y kh\u00e1c nhau. (7 n\u0103m sau, Microsoft \u2018ph\u00e1t minh\u2019 ra b\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng – Microsoft Office – c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh).<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1983, Intuit ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh Quicken, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf to\u00e1n – giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 truy c\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1987, TurboCash \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh \u1edf Nam Phi, v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1eed, b\u1ea3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ebf to\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kinh doanh. Quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ed5 c\u00e1i 15 ng\u00e0y r\u00fat xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0i ph\u00fat. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u01b0a l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n. N\u0103m 1990, TurboCash tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm 80% th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n kho.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 90 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i qua bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 v\u1eady, ng\u00e0y qua ng\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf to\u00e1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u00edt l\u1ed7i h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Theo Stephen Corrigan, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Palladium:<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1eebng b\u1ecf qua, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng chi ti\u1ebft, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cPh\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u0111i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh sang gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh, bao g\u1ed3m khai th\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, theo d\u00f5i kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh n\u0103ng b\u00e1n gia t\u0103ng (upsell) v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u0103ng doanh s\u1ed1 cho \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n theo Steven Cohe, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Softline Pastel<\/a><\/span>:<\/p>\n

\u201cPh\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 xa h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb g\u00f3i k\u1ebf to\u00e1n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n sang m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh doanh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. M\u1eabu s\u1ed1 chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebf to\u00e1n, th\u1ebf n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng phi k\u1ebf to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 CRM, ERP, POS v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kinh doanh nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7.<\/em><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft theo d\u00f5i lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 truy c\u1eadp, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi l\u00e0m kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 di \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp theo, t\u1eeb l\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ebf to\u00e1n ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Internet v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb di \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Internet \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 sao l\u01b0u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia m\u00e0 v\u1eabn mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi ph\u00ed, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n